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Another ICD-10 indicator of dependence refers to the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome,16 an aversive constellation of signs/symptoms that occurs spontaneously following abrupt termination of the dependence-producing substance.81 Evidence for this withdrawal syndrome might come from laboratory studies in which exclusive waterpipe smokers are required to abstain from all tobacco use prior to completing standardised questionnaires used to assess nicotine/tobacco abstinence

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All visits were standardized and administered by the same experimenter (AB)