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Key candidates and platforms are summarized in Table 1

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Access this chapter Similar content being viewed by others Abbreviations AC: Adenylate cyclase ALDH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase ALT: Alanine aminotransferase AST: Aspartate aminotransferase ATF6: Activating transcription factor 6 CAT: Catalase CNS: Central nervous system CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid DAG: Diacylglycerol DLDH: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase DRG: Dorsal root ganglions eIF2: Eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein GPx: Glutathione peroxidase GRKs: G protein-coupled receptor kinases GSH: Glutathione GSK-3: glycogen synthase kinase 3 GST: Glutathione-s-transferase Hsp70: Heat shock protein 70 IL-10: Interleukin-10 IL-1: Interleukin-1beta IL-6: Interleukin-6 IP 3 : Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate IRE1: Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 JNK1/2: c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase 1/2 K + : Potassium MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases MD-2: Myeloid differentiation protein 2 MDA: Malondialdehyde MK-801: Dizocilpine MOR: -opioid receptors mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA NAc: Nucleus accumbens NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 NMDA: N-methyl-d-aspartate NO: Nitric oxide NOS: Nitric oxide synthase PD: Parkinson disease PERK: dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PIP 2 : Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate PKA: Protein kinase A PKC: Protein kinase C PLC: Phospholipase C PLD2: Phospholipase D2 Prdx2: Peroxiredoxin 2 RNS: Reactive nitrogen species ROS: Reactive oxygen species SOD: Superoxide dismutase TAK1: TGF--activated kinase 1 TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha TRPM2: Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 UPR: Unfolded protein response VTA: Ventral tegmental area XBP1: X-box binding protein 1 References Abdel-Zaher AO, Mostafa MG, Farghaly HS, Hamdy MM, Abdel-Hady RH (2013a) Role of oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase in morphine-induced tolerance and dependence in mice

2017 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Apr 19];28(1):21829